Delta cosine

Let $\mathbb{T}$ be a time scale and let $t_0 \in \mathbb{T}$ and let $\mu p^2 \colon \mathbb{T} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a regressive function. We define the trigonometric functions $\cos_p \colon \mathbb{T} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ $$\cos_p(t,t_0)=\dfrac{e_{ip}(t,t_0)+e_{-ip}(t,t_0)}{2},$$ where $i=\sqrt{-1}$.

Properties

Theorem

The following formula holds: $$\cos_p^{\Delta}(t,t_0)=-p(t)\sin_p(t,t_0),$$ where $\cos_p$ denotes the $\Delta$-$\cos_p$ function and $\sin_p$ denotes the $\Delta$-$\sin_p$ function.

Proof

Compute $$\begin{array}{ll} \cos_p^{\Delta}(t,t_0) &= \dfrac{1}{2} \dfrac{\Delta}{\Delta t} (e_{ip}(t,t_0) + e_{-ip}(t,t_0) \\ &= \dfrac{ip}{2} (e_{ip}-e_{-ip}(t,t_0)) \\ &= -\dfrac{p}{2i} (e_{ip}-e_{-ip}(t,t_0)) \\ &= -\sin_p(t,t_0) \end{array}$$ as was to be shown. █

Theorem

The following formula holds: $$\cos_p^2(t,t_0)+\sin_p^2(t,t_0)=e_{\mu p^2}(t,t_0),$$ where $\cos_p$ denotes the $\Delta$-$\cos_p$ function and $\sin_p$ denotes the $\Delta$-$\sin_p$ function.

Relation to other special functions

Theorem

The following formula holds: $$\sin_p^{\Delta}(t,t_0)=p(t)\cos_p(t,t_0),$$ where $\sin_p$ denotes the $\Delta$-$\sin_p$ function and $\cos_p$ denotes the $\Delta$-$\cos_p$ function.

Proof

Compute $$\begin{array}{ll} \sin^{\Delta}_p(t,t_0) &= \dfrac{1}{2i} \dfrac{\Delta}{\Delta t} \left( e_{ip}(t,t_0) - e_{-ip}(t,t_0) \right) \\ &= \dfrac{ip}{2i} ( e_{ip}(t,t_0) + e_{-ip}(t,t_0) ) \\ &= \dfrac{1}{2} (e_{ip}(t,t_0)+e_{-ip}(t,t_0)) \\ &= p\cos_p(t,t_0), \end{array}$$ as was to be shown. █

Examples

 $\mathbb{T}$ $\mathbb{R}$ $\cos_p(t,s)=$ $\mathbb{Z}$ $\cos_p(t,s) =$ $h\mathbb{Z}$ $\cos_p(t,s) =$ $\mathbb{Z}^2$ $\cos_p(t,s) =$ $\overline{q^{\mathbb{Z}}}, q > 1$ $\cos_p(t,s) =$ $\overline{q^{\mathbb{Z}}}, q < 1$ $\cos_p(t,s) =$ $\mathbb{H}$ $\cos_p(t,s) =$